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          <p><code>Uniswap</code>是<code>DeFi</code>中最著名的协议之一，<code>Uniswap</code>本质是一个自动化做市商（<code>AMM</code>），它舍弃了传统订单薄的撮合方式，采用流动池加恒定乘积公式算法($x \times y=k$)为不同加密资产提供即时报价和兑换服务。</p>
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          <p>关于零知识证明是什么，也许你不一定很了解，但说到应用零知识证明技术的区块链产品，你也许并不陌生。zcash就是使用零知识证明技术的隐私币，以太坊上的混币合约也是零知识证明技术的一个应用，还有在今年比较热门的链下扩容技术<code>zkRollup</code>也是零知识证明技术的一个应用。这时你也许会很好奇零知识证明究竟是一个什么样的技术，为什么既可以用在隐私方面，也可以用于扩容。在接下来一个系列的文章中将为你一一介绍，从零知识证明的概念一直到零知识证明背后的密码学实现。</p>
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          <p>17年出现了一款非常火爆的Dapp应用叫加密猫，加密猫曾造成以太坊主网大规模的拥堵，造成拥堵的原因是以太坊当时的TPS只有15，这意味着以太坊每秒只能处理15笔交易，如此低的TPS严重限制了区块链应用的大规模落地，所以有人开始研究区块链扩容的问题，目的就是为了提高链上的TPS。但区块链扩容受到<code>Vitalik</code>提出的不可能三角的限制，不可能三角是指区块链系统设计无法同时兼顾可扩展性，去中心化和安全性，三者只能取其二。这是一个很让人失望的结论，但我们必须知道，一切事物都有自己的边界，公链不应该做所有的事情，公链应该做它该做的事情：“公链是以最高效率达成共识的工具，能够以最低成本来构建信任”。作为共识的工具，信任的引擎，公链不应该为了可扩展性放弃去中心化与安全性。那么公链的TPS这么低，该怎么使用呢？我们是否可以将大量的工作放到链下去解决，仅仅将最重要的数据提交到区块链主链上，让所有节点都能够验证这些链下的工作都是准确可靠的呢？社会的发展带来的是更精细化的分工，区块链的技术发展也是如此，在底层区块链（Layer1）上构建一个扩展层（Layer2)，Layer1来保证安全和去中心化，绝对可靠、可信；它能做到全球共识，并作为“加密法院”，通过智能合约设计的规则进行仲裁，以经济激励的形式将信任传递到Layer2 上，而Layer2追求极致的性能，它只能做到局部共识，但是能够满足各类商业场景的需求。</p>
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          <p>你也许听说过比特币，2009年一个叫中本聪（satoshi nakamoto）的神秘人物或组织将比特币推向了世界，随着比特币的流行，加密货币，区块链这些词汇也渐渐的走进了大众的视野中，如果你已经非常熟悉加密货币世界，那么你可能听说过以太坊，它是全球第二大加密货币，即使你听说过以太坊，那么在解释它与比特币区别时，你也可能会感到困惑。</p>
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          <p>上一篇我们梳理了一下混币的基本原理，在这一篇中我们开始动手实现一个混币。</p>
<p>混币中最主要的数据结构就是<code>Merkle tree</code>，现在还是借助功德箱来分析如何利用<code>Merkle tree</code>来实现混币功能的。</p>
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          <p>零知识证明很多人听过，但不明白它是干什么的？其实零知识证明可以用一句话来概括：“证明者（Alice）在不透露秘密的情况下，说服验证者（Bob）相信证明者（Alice）知道这个秘密”。为了更直观解释，接下来会用混币的例子来说明。</p>
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          <p>跨链交互根据所跨越的区块链底层技术平台的不同可以分为同构链跨链和异构链跨链：同构链之间安全机制、共识算法、网络拓扑、区块生成验证逻辑都一致，它们之间的跨链交互相对简单。而异构链的跨链交互相对复杂，比如比特币采用PoW算法而Tendermint采用PBFT共识算法，其区块的组成形式和确定性保证机制均有很大不同，直接跨链交互机制不易设计。异构链之间的跨链交互一般需要第三方辅助服务辅助跨链交互。</p>
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          <h2 id="亲自动手实现一个公链"><a href="#亲自动手实现一个公链" class="headerlink" title="亲自动手实现一个公链"></a>亲自动手实现一个公链</h2><p>待续。。。。。<br>
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          <p>分布式一致性算法一般可以分为两类：拜占庭容错和非拜占庭容错。非拜占庭容错算法如 Paxos, Raft 等在当前的分布式系统中已经广泛使用，而拜占庭容错算法的实际应用范围相对来说小很多(特别是在区块链问世之前)。Tendermint 属于拜占庭容错算法，它针对传统的PBFT算法做了优化，只需要有两轮投票即可达成共识，目前Tendermint算法主要应用在区块链系统中，这篇文章就从原理上来介绍 Tendermint的共识机制。</p>
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